Tuesday, 5 April 2011
History Of Architecture Exam ( October 2009)
Traditional Thai Houses was developeded in central region of Thailand. With the aid of sketches, list down five architectural features. (15 marks) .
Thai alphabet (ตัวอักษรไทย)
Origin
The Thai alphabet was probably derived from, or at least influenced by, the Old Khmer alphabet. According to tradition it was created in 1283 by King Ramkhamhaeng (พ่อขุนรามคำแหงมหาราช).Notable features
- This is a syllabic alphabet consisting of 44 basic consonants, each with an inherent vowel: [o] in medial position and [a] in final position. The [a] is usually found in words of Sanskrit, Pali or Khmer origin while the [o] is found native Thai words. The 18 other vowels and 6 diphthongs are indicated using diacritics which appear in front of, above, below of after the consonants they modify.
- 8 of the letters are used only for writing words of Pali and Sanskrit origin.
- For some consonants there are multiple letters. Originally they represented separate sounds, but over the years the distinction between those sounds was lost and the letters were used instead to indicate tones.
- Thai is a tonal language with 5 tones. The tone of a syllable is determined by a combination of the class of consonant, the type of syllable (open or closed), the tone marker and the length of the vowel.
- There are no spaces between words, instead spaces in a Thai text indicate the end of a clause or sentence.
Used to write
Thai (ภาษาไทย), a Tai-Kadai language spoken by about 65 million people mainly in Thailand (ประเทศไทย), and also in the Midway Islands, Singapore, the UAE and the USAThai is closely related to Lao, and northern dialects of Thai are more or less mutually intelligible with Lao, particularly the Lao spoken in northern Thailand. Thai vocabulary includes many words from Pali, Sanskrit and Old Khmer.
The Thai alphabet can also be used to write Sanskrit, Pali and a number of related languages.
Thai alphabet (ตัวอักษรไทย)
Consonants (พยัญชนะ)
Hear a recording of the Thai alphabet by ปัณณวิช ตันเดชานุรัตน์ (Pannawit Tandaechanurat)
Notes
- Consonants are divided into three classes: low (เสียงต่ำ), mid (เสียงกลาง) and high (เสียงสูง) , which help to determine the tone of a syllable.
- The sounds represented by some consonants change when they are used at the end of a syllable (indicated by the letters on the right of the slash). Some consonants can only be used at the beginning of a syllable.
- Duplicate consonants represent different Sanskrit and Pali consonants sounds which are pronounced identically in Thai.
- The letter o ang acts as a silent vowel carrier at the beginning of words that start with a vowel.
- The names of the consonants are acrophonic and intended to help with learning them.
Vowel diacritics (รูปสระ)
Hear a recording of the Thai vowel sounds by ปัณณวิช ตันเดชานุรัตน์
Numerals (ตัวเลขไทย)
Listen to a recording of these numbers by ปัณณวิช ตันเดชานุรัตน์
Referenced from Omniglot.com
Pictures of Ayutthaya's roof
Wat Pho Temple in Ayutthaya
Ayutthaya Bang-Pa In Summer Royal Palace
Ayutthaya sunny roof
SOSIAL MASYARAKAT DI NEGARA THAILAND
Umumnya masyarakat di Asia Tenggara pada awalnya mengamalkan sistem sosial yang bercorak tradisional berasaskan sistem feudal
Sistem feudal membawa maksud satu bentuk kerajaan yang hanya dijalankan oleh individu tertentu yang bebas dari kawalan kerajaan pusat
Hierarki sosial masyarakat dalam sistem feudal adalah berbentuk piramid
Negara Thai
Sistem feudal membawa maksud satu bentuk kerajaan yang hanya dijalankan oleh individu tertentu yang bebas dari kawalan kerajaan pusat
Hierarki sosial masyarakat dalam sistem feudal adalah berbentuk piramid
Negara Thai
- Raja menduduki lapisan teratas diikuti oleh golongan bangsawan(nai),rakyat
yang bebas (phrai) dan hamba (that)
golongan sangha (sami Buddha) berperanan penting dalam sistem feudal Thai
raja Thai mempunyai kuasa mutlak dalam pemerintahan
golongan nai berperanan sebagai pemimpin masyarakat dan memberi perlindungan kepada golongan phrai.
phrai menjadi symbol kekayaan dan kekuasaan politik golongan nai
that pula merupakan hamba kepada golongan nai dan phrai yang kaya
dua kelas that yang penting iaitu hamba berhutang dan hamba tawanan perang
golongan sangha mendapat pengiktirafan yang tinggi di kalangan masyarakat Thai dan menjadi penggerak agama Buddha dengan menjadi tenaga pengajar utama kepada ahli masyarakat Thai
kedudukan mereka lebih tinggi dan mulia di sisi masyarakat
yang bebas (phrai) dan hamba (that)
golongan sangha (sami Buddha) berperanan penting dalam sistem feudal Thai
raja Thai mempunyai kuasa mutlak dalam pemerintahan
golongan nai berperanan sebagai pemimpin masyarakat dan memberi perlindungan kepada golongan phrai.
phrai menjadi symbol kekayaan dan kekuasaan politik golongan nai
that pula merupakan hamba kepada golongan nai dan phrai yang kaya
dua kelas that yang penting iaitu hamba berhutang dan hamba tawanan perang
golongan sangha mendapat pengiktirafan yang tinggi di kalangan masyarakat Thai dan menjadi penggerak agama Buddha dengan menjadi tenaga pengajar utama kepada ahli masyarakat Thai
kedudukan mereka lebih tinggi dan mulia di sisi masyarakat
Roofing of Lanna Housing
The roof itself is made of krabuang din pao, a fired clay panelling. Each panel measures approximately 10cm wide by 12cm long and is folded slightly to provide for its assembly into the roof as a whole. Because of their thinness, two layers of panelling are used on the roof. Besides fired clay, thatched grass, woven gum tree leaves, and semi-thick short wood panels are also at times used for roofing.
Between the roofs of the two structures forming the Ruan Galae there is a water gutter, inclined downwards towards the rear of the house, to channel the water flowing off the roof away from the house. Called the hang this gutter is more often than not carved of an entire tree.
Ruan Galae are often built according to the rotation of the earth around the sun, with the width facing east and west and the length (which forms the front and back of the house) facing north and south. The most important ceremony in the house building process is the pak sao huan, in which the most important pillars of the house sao eak and sao toa respectively are planted. Neighbours with names pertaining to wealth, money, power, or constancy are invited to place the two pillars in their respective holes. Throughout the life-time of the house, the pillars must be treated with special care by the owner of the house in order to ensure safety and protection from evil.
From my reading and observation, there is two type of roofing structure which is v-shape and spire. This roofing type of architecture already installed from the time of the Lanna Kingdom.
V-shape structure (galae) can be seen at the ridge of the roof.
The spire type of galae can be seen at the roof kips.
Between the roofs of the two structures forming the Ruan Galae there is a water gutter, inclined downwards towards the rear of the house, to channel the water flowing off the roof away from the house. Called the hang this gutter is more often than not carved of an entire tree.
Ruan Galae are often built according to the rotation of the earth around the sun, with the width facing east and west and the length (which forms the front and back of the house) facing north and south. The most important ceremony in the house building process is the pak sao huan, in which the most important pillars of the house sao eak and sao toa respectively are planted. Neighbours with names pertaining to wealth, money, power, or constancy are invited to place the two pillars in their respective holes. Throughout the life-time of the house, the pillars must be treated with special care by the owner of the house in order to ensure safety and protection from evil.
From my reading and observation, there is two type of roofing structure which is v-shape and spire. This roofing type of architecture already installed from the time of the Lanna Kingdom.
History of Thailand
Thailand (previously known as Siam) has been populated ever since the dawn of civilization in Asia. There are conflicting opinions of the origins of the Thais. It presumed that about 4,500 years. Thais originated in northwestern Szechuan...
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background Thailand
Thailand occupies the western half of the Indochinese peninsula and the northern two-thirds of the Malay Peninsula in southeast Asia. Its neighbors are Burma (Myanmar) on the north and west, Laos on the north and northeast, Cambodia on the east, and Malaysia on the south. Thailand is about the size of France.
Kingdom of Thailand
Ruler: King Bhumibol Adulyadej (1946)
Kingdom of Thailand
Ruler: King Bhumibol Adulyadej (1946)
Prime Minister: Abhisit Vejjajiva (2008)
Current government officials
Land area: 197,595 sq mi (511,771 sq km); total area: 198,455 sq mi (514,000 sq km)
Population (2007 est.): 65,068,149 (growth rate: 0.7%); birth rate: 13.7/1000; infant mortality rate: 18.9/1000; life expectancy: 72.6; density per sq mi: 329
Capital and largest city (2000): Bangkok, 6,320,174 (city proper)
Other large cities: Nonthanburi, 304,700; Chiang Mai, 175,500
Monetary unit: baht
Land area: 197,595 sq mi (511,771 sq km); total area: 198,455 sq mi (514,000 sq km)
Population (2007 est.): 65,068,149 (growth rate: 0.7%); birth rate: 13.7/1000; infant mortality rate: 18.9/1000; life expectancy: 72.6; density per sq mi: 329
Capital and largest city (2000): Bangkok, 6,320,174 (city proper)
Other large cities: Nonthanburi, 304,700; Chiang Mai, 175,500
Monetary unit: baht
Languages: Thai (Siamese), English (secondary language of the elite), ethnic and regional dialects
Ethnicity/race: Thai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11%
Religions: Buddhist 95%, Islam 5%, Christian 1% (2000)
Literacy rate: 96% (2003 est.)
Economic summary: GDP/PPP (2007 est.): $519.4 billion; per capita $7,900. Real growth rate: 4.8%. Inflation: 2.2%. Unemployment: 1.4%. Arable land: 28%. Agriculture: rice, cassava (tapioca), rubber, corn, sugarcane, coconuts, soybeans. Labor force: 36.9 million; agriculture 49%, industry 14%, services 37% (2000 est.). Industries: tourism, textiles and garments, agricultural processing, beverages, tobacco, cement, light manufacturing such as jewelry and electric appliances, computers and parts, integrated circuits, furniture, plastics, automobiles and automotive parts; world's second-largest tungsten producer and third-largest tin producer. Natural resources: tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, timber, lead, fish, gypsum, lignite, fluorite, arable land. Exports: $105.8 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.): textiles and footwear, fishery products, rice, rubber, jewelry, automobiles, computers and electrical appliances. Imports: $107 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.): capital goods, intermediate goods and raw materials, consumer goods, fuels. Major trading partners: U.S., Japan, China, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Taiwan (2004).
Communications: Telephones: main lines in use: 5.6 million (2000); mobile cellular: 3.1 million (2002). Radio broadcast stations: AM 204, FM 334, shortwave 6 (1999). Radios: 13.96 million (1997). Television broadcast stations: 5 (all in Bangkok; plus 131 repeaters) (1997). Televisions: 15.19 million (1997). Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 15 (2000). Internet users: 1.2 million (2001).
Transportation: Railways: total: 4,071 km (2002). Highways: total: 64,600 km; paved: 62,985 km; unpaved: 1,615 km (1999 est.). Waterways: 4,000 km principal waterways; 3,701 km with navigable depths of 0.9 m or more throughout the year; numerous minor waterways navigable by shallow-draft native craft. Ports and harbors: Bangkok, Laem Chabang, Pattani, Phuket, Sattahip, Si Racha, Songkhla. Airports: 111 (2002).
International disputes: completion of boundary demarcation with Cambodia hampered by accusations of moving and destroying boundary markers, encroachments, initiating border incidents, and sealing off Preah Vihear temple ruins, awarded to Cambodia by ICJ decision in 1962; demarcation complete except for a 1 kilometer segment at the mouth of the Kolok River in dispute with Malaysia; demarcation with Laos complete except for certain Mekong River islets and complaints of Thai squatters; despite continuing border committee talks, significant differences remain with Burma over boundary alignment and the handling of ethnic rebels, refugees, and illegal cross-border activities
Ethnicity/race: Thai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11%
Religions: Buddhist 95%, Islam 5%, Christian 1% (2000)
Literacy rate: 96% (2003 est.)
Economic summary: GDP/PPP (2007 est.): $519.4 billion; per capita $7,900. Real growth rate: 4.8%. Inflation: 2.2%. Unemployment: 1.4%. Arable land: 28%. Agriculture: rice, cassava (tapioca), rubber, corn, sugarcane, coconuts, soybeans. Labor force: 36.9 million; agriculture 49%, industry 14%, services 37% (2000 est.). Industries: tourism, textiles and garments, agricultural processing, beverages, tobacco, cement, light manufacturing such as jewelry and electric appliances, computers and parts, integrated circuits, furniture, plastics, automobiles and automotive parts; world's second-largest tungsten producer and third-largest tin producer. Natural resources: tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, timber, lead, fish, gypsum, lignite, fluorite, arable land. Exports: $105.8 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.): textiles and footwear, fishery products, rice, rubber, jewelry, automobiles, computers and electrical appliances. Imports: $107 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.): capital goods, intermediate goods and raw materials, consumer goods, fuels. Major trading partners: U.S., Japan, China, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Taiwan (2004).
Communications: Telephones: main lines in use: 5.6 million (2000); mobile cellular: 3.1 million (2002). Radio broadcast stations: AM 204, FM 334, shortwave 6 (1999). Radios: 13.96 million (1997). Television broadcast stations: 5 (all in Bangkok; plus 131 repeaters) (1997). Televisions: 15.19 million (1997). Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 15 (2000). Internet users: 1.2 million (2001).
Transportation: Railways: total: 4,071 km (2002). Highways: total: 64,600 km; paved: 62,985 km; unpaved: 1,615 km (1999 est.). Waterways: 4,000 km principal waterways; 3,701 km with navigable depths of 0.9 m or more throughout the year; numerous minor waterways navigable by shallow-draft native craft. Ports and harbors: Bangkok, Laem Chabang, Pattani, Phuket, Sattahip, Si Racha, Songkhla. Airports: 111 (2002).
International disputes: completion of boundary demarcation with Cambodia hampered by accusations of moving and destroying boundary markers, encroachments, initiating border incidents, and sealing off Preah Vihear temple ruins, awarded to Cambodia by ICJ decision in 1962; demarcation complete except for a 1 kilometer segment at the mouth of the Kolok River in dispute with Malaysia; demarcation with Laos complete except for certain Mekong River islets and complaints of Thai squatters; despite continuing border committee talks, significant differences remain with Burma over boundary alignment and the handling of ethnic rebels, refugees, and illegal cross-border activities
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